美国高等学校问责制形成动因及启示

随着战后美国高等教育规模的扩张,办学经费的庞大预算促使其高校越来越依靠社会各个方面的支持,为此美国高等学校通过采用履行问责制来有效回应高等教育利益相关方的责任诉求,同时也顺应了高校自我生存和发展的内在需要。因此,问责制渐趋成为美国高等学校管理的制度化安排和科学化的象征。     

Can a Teacher‐Led State Assessment System Work?

Recent implementation of Nebraska's Standards-based Teacher-led Assessment and Reporting System (STARS) introduced a unique opportunity to examine the benefits and drawbacks of a teacher-led state assessment system. STARS is unique among state assessment systems in that statewide tests are replaced by locally developed assessments designed by teachers. Benefits of this system are found to be greater teacher use of results for instructional planning, greater diagnostic utility of the assessments, and gains in assessment literacy. Disadvantages include the time-consuming and stressful nature of creating localized assessments. Compatibility of STARS with the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act are discussed.     

趋同抑或求异:英国高等教育质量保障的过去与未来

博洛尼亚进程有力推动了欧洲高等教育一体化,英国积极参与欧洲高等教育区建设,在质量保障方面与其保持高度一致,促进了欧洲高等教育的趋同发展。本文通过历史分析发现,英国高等教育质量保障系统包含科研评估、教学评估和机构审核,兼具质量改进与问责的双重功能,且表现出竞争导向、风险为本的市场问责发展趋势。在脱欧背景下,英格兰新成立的学生办公室也是高等教育国家干预与市场问责的进一步结合,并非英国的"求异"发展。英国乃至欧洲高等教育区的质量保障机制面临着机构多样性与标准相似性的张力,并将受到消费者"众口难调"质量观的挑战。     

Response and Responsibility: Rethinking Accountability in Education

Current conceptions of accountability imply that, in order for teachers to be able to hold themselves to account, they need first to have cultivated certain ‘professional dispositions’. But these conceptions fail to acknowledge the extent to which teachers are first and foremost accountable ‘as such’. For the early existentialist thought of the philosopher Jean‐Paul Sartre, this relates to a kind of responsibility premised on the ways in which we are always and inevitably responding to the world in which we find ourselves (with others). In this paper, I offer a reconceptualisation of teacher accountability in light of this, one that recognises implicit responses in classroom situations as underpinned by the subjectivity of those who bring these situations to light—often in subtle and immeasurable ways.     

Evaluating Growth for ELL Students: Implications for Accountability Policies

In recent years, many U.S. states have introduced growth models as part of their educational accountability systems. Although the validity of growth‐based accountability models has been evaluated for the general population, the impact of those models for English language learner (ELL) students, a growing segment of the student population, has not received sufficient attention. We evaluated three commonly used growth models: value tables or transition matrices, projection models, and student growth percentiles (SGP). The value table model identified more ELL students as on track to proficiency, but with lower accuracy for ELL students. The projection and SGP models were more accurate overall, but classified the fewest ELL students as on track and were less likely to identify ELL students who would later be proficient. We found that each model had significant trade‐offs in terms of the decisions made for ELL students. These findings should be replicated in additional state contexts and considered in the development of future growth‐based accountability policies.     

和谐社会视野下的企业社会责任标准SA8000

SA8000是全球第一个可用于第三方认证的企业社会责任国际标准,是国际社会责任运动的产物。SA8000旨在通过有道德的采购活动,改善全球劳工的工作条件,体现了对劳工权益的保护。在构建社会主义和谐社会的大背景下,针对我国目前劳工权益法律保护比较薄弱的现状,推行SA8000可以有效地协调劳资双方的关系,推动和谐劳动关系的形成与发展,从而促进社会主义和谐社会目标的实现。     

多元学校问责:OECD国家教育治理的新趋势

21世纪以来,受教育权力分散化、市场机制、参与式民主以及绩效问责不足等内外因素的影响,多元学校问责日益成为OECD国家教育治理的新兴方式。多元学校问责是指多个主体根据学校提供的数据和信息资源等对学校进行全方位监测,以促进学校教育质量的改善与提升。多元化的问责主体、多样性的问责方式、横向性的问责机制是多元学校问责的显著特征。在推进现代教育治理体系化背景下,多元学校问责已成为OECD国家基于各自国情而展开的一种实践方式,而精准识别利益相关主体、协调利益相关者之间的权力以及提高学校管理者的领导力也已然成为OECD国家有效实施多元学校问责的重要经验。     

The impact of standards-based assessment on knowledge for history education in New Zealand

This paper examines how a standards-based form of assessment in operation in New Zealand has impacted upon the knowledge taught to secondary history students. The segmentation of history into assessable components along with assessment mechanisms which encourage the reduction in the number of standards being attempted has impacted upon both the breadth and range of historical content in history programmes. The reduction in knowledge is problematic as it diminishes learners’ opportunities to draw connections between inter-related historical concepts from a wider knowledge base. Social realists have raised concerns about the reduced focus on knowledge in education and its effects in restricting students’ development of conceptual knowledge which enables higher order, more abstract thinking. Experiences of standards-based assessment for history in New Zealand are indicative of this reductive phenomenon. In a culture of accountability, standards-based assessment, as enacted in New Zealand, may impede delivery of critical knowledge.     

Social Work Intervention with White Collared Employees and Their Families

This investigation presents a framework for understanding and also to test the efficacy of Social Work intervention on the well being of the white collared employee (industrial employee) and his/her family. A comprehensive and intensive personal- family exploration was done to uncover the relatedness of seemingly disparate areas of the clients lives. A total of 80 executives (industrial employees) served as subjects. A baseline assessment was done using structured, standardized interview-schedules/questionnaires. The results of the study can be enumerated as follows: After the Social Work intervention, the executives in occupational profile, there were significant changes in Role perception, overload, role conflict, low status and poor peer relations. In coping strategies there was significant improvement in sub-scales like problem solving and unproductive coping. Significant reduction was noticed in their proneness to heart disease, depression, inadequate mental mastery, and perceived ill health. There was significant improvement in their family group support, and in their expressiveness, achievement, orientation, active-recreational and organizational characteristics.     

内蒙古就业状况及其对策

近年来,再就业工作已成为事关改革、发展、稳定的大事。内蒙古自治区党委、政府十分重视这项工作,陆续出台了一系列与再就业相关配套的政策,建立了再就业目标责任体系,使再就业和社会保障工作取得了一定的成绩。但由于自治区地处困难地区,经济发展相对滞后,人民生活水平相对较低,属于全国失业率偏高的地区,就业问题表现得尤为突出。因此,当前解决就业问题一定要正确分析和认识问题,拓宽就业渠道。发挥各级政府的职能,给予合理的政策,进行有效的扶持与引导。